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Irvington, New Jersey
Irvington is a township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township had a total population of 53,926,〔〔〔 having declined by 6,769 (−11.2%) from the 60,695 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn declined by 323 (−0.5%) from the 61,018 counted in the 1990 Census.〔(Table 7. Population for the Counties and Municipalities in New Jersey: 1990, 2000 and 2010 ), New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development, February 2011. Accessed August 14, 2012.〕
==History==
Clinton Township, which included what is now Irvington, Maplewood and parts of Newark and South Orange, was created on April 14, 1834.〔 The area was known as ''Camptown'' until the mid-1800s. In 1850, after Stephen Foster published his ballad, ''Camptown Races'', residents were concerned that the activities described in the song would be associated with their community. The town was renamed, ''Irvingtown,'' in honor of Washington Irving.〔〔Gannett, Henry. (''The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States'' ), p. 166. United States Government Printing Office, 1905. Accessed December 23, 2014.〕〔Hutchinson, Viola L. (''The Origin of New Jersey Place Names'' ), New Jersey Public Library Commission, May 1945. Accessed September 2, 2015.〕
Irvington was incorporated as an independent village on March 27, 1874, from portions of Clinton Township.〔(History of Irvington ), Irvington Township. Accessed May 9, 2007.〕 What remained of Clinton Township was absorbed into Newark on March 5, 1902.〔Snyder, John P. (''The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606-1968'' ), Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 126 re Clinton Township, p. 128 re Irvington. Accessed August 14, 2012.〕 On March 2, 1898, Irvington was incorporated as a Town, replacing Irvington Village.〔 In 1982, the town was one of four Essex County municipalities to pass a referendum to become a township, joining 11 municipalities that had already made the change, of what would ultimately be more than a dozen Essex County municipalities to reclassify themselves as townships in order take advantage of federal revenue sharing policies that allocated townships a greater share of government aid to municipalities on a per capita basis.〔("Chapter VI: Municipal Names and Municipal Classification" ), p. 73. New Jersey State Commission on County and Municipal Government, 1992. Accessed September 24, 2015.〕〔("Removing Tiering From The Revenue Sharing Formula Would Eliminate Payment Inequities To Local Governments" ), Government Accountability Office, April 15, 1982. Accessed September 24, 2015. "In 1978, South Orange Village was the first municipality to change its name to the 'township' of South Orange Village effective beginning in entitlement period 10 (October 1978 to September 1979). The Borough of Fairfield in 1978 changed its designation by a majority vote of the electorate and became the 'Township of Fairfield' effective beginning entitlement period 11 (October 1979 to September 1980).... However, the Revenue Sharing Act was not changed and the actions taken by South Orange and Fairfield prompted the Town of Montclair and West Orange to change their designation by referendum in the November 4, 1980, election. The municipalities of Belleville, Verona, Bloomfield, Nutley, Essex Fells, Caldwell, and West Caldwell have since changed their classification from municipality to a township."〕〔Narvaez, Alfonso A. ("New Jersey Journal" ), ''The New York Times'', December 27, 1981. Accessed September 24, 2015. "Under the Federal system, New Jersey's portion of the revenue sharing funds is disbursed among the 21 counties to create three 'money pools.' One is for county governments, one for 'places' and a third for townships. By making the change, a community can use the 'township advantage' to get away from the category containing areas with low per capita incomes."〕〔Karcher, Alan J. (''New Jersey's Multiple Municipal Madness'' ), pp. 119-120. Rutgers University Press, 1998. ISBN 9780813525662. Accessed September 24, 2015.〕
The 1967 Newark riots hastened an exodus of families from that city, many of them moving the few short blocks to Irvington. Until 1965, Irvington was almost exclusively white. By 1980, the town was nearly 40% black, by 1990 it was 70%. On July 1, 1980, Fred Bost, the first black to serve on the Town Council, was sworn in as East Ward Councilman.〔(Crime statistics for Irvington ), Homesurfer. Accessed August 14, 2007.〕 Michael G. Steele, the town's first black mayor, was elected in 1990, followed by Sarah Brockington Bost in 1994. The current Mayor is Tony Vauss.〔
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